CH 1: Human Body Orientation

I. an overview of anatomy and physiology

A. _________________________: study of structure of body parts and

their relationship to one another
1. _________________________ or macroscopic anatomy: study

of large body structures
a. regional anatomy: all structures in one section of the body

at a time
b. systemic anatomy: studied one system at a time
c. surface anatomy: study internal structures as they relate

to overlying surface
2. _________________________ anatomy: need the use of

microscopes to study structures
a. _________________________: study of cells
b. _________________________: study of tissues
3. developmental anatomy: traces changes through life span
a. _________________________: developmental changes

before birth
4. diagnostic anatomy
a. pathological anatomy: changes caused by disease
b. radiographic anatomy:
1) x-ray: bones appear white, gas appears black,

viewed on fluoroscope
2) CT or CAT (computed tomography): cross-section

views
3) PET (positron emission tomography): show

metabolic process with radioisotopes
4) MRI (magnetic resonance imaging): contrast

images of soft tissues, with magnetic fields
5) ultrasound or sonography: high frequency sound

waves, safe, inexpensive
c. molecular biology: molecules, DNA

B. _________________________: study of functioning of body parts

II. hierarchy of structural organization

A. chemical level
1. atoms
2. molecules

B. _________________________: smallest unit of living things

C. _________________________: groups of similar cells with a common

function
1. _________________________: covers body surface and lines

cavities
2. _________________________: causes movement
3. _________________________: supports body and protects

organs
4. _________________________: rapid internal communication by

transmitting electrical impulses

D. _________________________: made of at least 2 tissue types

E. _________________________: organs work together for a common

purpose (MR RED IS NICE)
1. _________________________: movement, produces heat
2. _________________________ system: provides oxygen,

removes carbon dioxide
3. _________________________: produces offspring, hormones,

mammary glands nourish young
4. _________________________ (urinary): eliminates N wastes,

regulates water, electrolytes, pH balance
5. _________________________: breaks down food, absorption,

eliminate indigestible wastes
6. _________________________: skin, covers body, protects from

injury, cooling, heating
7. _________________________: protects and supports body

organs, forms blood cells, stores minerals
8. _________________________: fast-acting control of body

systems
9. _________________________ (lymphatic): protects against

foreign bacteria, returns excess fluid to blood
10. _________________________: transport blood, gasses,

nutrients
11. _________________________: produce slow-acting hormones

regulate body systems

F. organism: living being

III. maintaining life

A. functional characteristics
1. maintenance of boundaries for a stable internal environment
2. movement, manipulate environment, contractility
3. responsiveness or irritability: react to stimuli
4. digestion: break down and utilize food
5. metabolism: chemical reactions within body, regulated by

hormones
6. excretion: remove wastes from the body
7. reproduction: cell division, new organism production
8. growth: increase in size of a body part or organism

B. survival needs
1. nutrients
a. carbohydrates: major fuel energy
b. proteins: build cell structure
c. fats: cushion body organs, insulation, high energy storage
d. oxygen: chemical reactions that release energy
e. water: needed for chemical reactions, secretions,

excretions
2. body temperature: generated by muscular activity

IV. _________________________: ability to maintain stable internal environment,

dynamic equilibrium

A. general characteristics of control mechanisms by intercellular

communication
1. _________________________: sensor monitors stimuli, sends

information to
2. _________________________: determines set point

(acceptable range), determines response
3. _________________________: provides means for control

center's response

B. _________________________: output decreases original stimulus or

reduces it. MOST homeostatic responses involve negative feedback.

C. _________________________: exaggerate original stimulus, ex)

oxytocin promoting labor, clotting

V. language of anatomy

A. _________________________: body erect, feet slightly apart, palms

forward, thumbs out

B. directional terms
1. _________________________ (cranial) – means toward the

head vs. _________________________ (caudal) – means toward

the tail
2. _________________________ (ventral) – toward the belly vs.

_________________________ (dorsal) – toward the back
3. _________________________ (mid line) vs.

_________________________ (side)
4. _________________________: in the middle, between 2 other

structures
5. _________________________ (close to body) vs.

_________________________ (distant)
6. _________________________ (external) vs.

_________________________ (internal)

C. regional terms
1. _________________________: main axis of body, head, neck,

trunk
2. _________________________: appendages
3. LEARN fig. 1.7 p. 14

D. body planes and sections
1. _________________________: divides body into right and left

parts
2. _________________________ or coronal: divide body into front

and back
3. _________________________ or horizontal: divides body into

top and bottom (cross section)

E. body cavities and membranes
1. _________________________ cavity
a. cranial cavity
b. vertebral or spinal cavity
2. _________________________ cavity
a. _________________________ cavity
1) _________________________ cavity: lungs
2) _________________________
a) pericardial cavity: heart
b. diaphragm: separates cavities
c. _________________________ cavity
1) _________________________ cavity: stomach,

intestines, spleen, liver
2) _________________________ cavity: bladder,

reproductive organs, rectum
3) 9 abdominopelvic regions
a) _________________________: over navel
b) _________________________: upon

stomach (above navel)
c) _________________________: below

umbilical
d) right and left ______________________:

iliac (hip bone)
e) right and left ______________________:

low back
f) right and left _________________________:

(cartilage) under ribs
4) quadrants: right and left refer to subject's right and

left, not yours
a. left lower quadrant, left upper quadrant
b. right lower quadrant, right upper quadrant
3. _________________________ in ventral cavity: double layered

membrane around organs
a. _________________________ membrane: lines cavity

walls
b. _________________________ membrane: covers organ
c. serous fluid: allows organs to move without friction
4. other body cavities
a. oral and digestive cavities
b. nasal cavity
c. orbital cavities (eyes)
d. middle ear cavities
e. synovial cavities (joints)