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Axial
Skeleton - bones and bone markings – Study Guide |
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Skull - 22 cranial and facial bones |
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sutures - except for the mandible, most
skull bones are flat bones joined by sutures |
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lamboidal - joins occipital / parietal bones |
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sagittal - joins 2 parietal bones (on top of
skull) |
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coronal - joins parietal / frontal bones |
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squamosal - around the edge of temporal bone |
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cranium - 8 bones |
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1 frontal
- forms forehead |
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Glabella - Depression between
eyebrows; superior to the bridge of the nose |
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Supraorbital foramen - opening for
blood vessels & nerves along upper margin of orbit |
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2 parietal
- superior & lateral aspects of skull; the majority of the cranial vault |
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1 occipital
- most of the posterior wall & base of the skull |
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Foramen magnum - large opening
through which the spinal cord passes |
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Occipital condyles - articulates
with vertebrae |
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External occipital protuberance -
bump on back of head |
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2 temporal
- inferolateral aspects of skull & part of cranial floor |
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zygomatic process - articulates with
zygomatic bone (cheek bone) |
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Mastoid process -
"massive" behind ear, anchors neck muscles & tongue muscles |
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Styloid process - attachment point
for hyoid bone, muscles of tongue, & cheek |
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External auditory meatus - external
ear canal |
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Mandibular fossa - articular point
of the mandibular condyle |
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Carotid canal - allows passage of
internal carotid artery |
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Jugular foramen - allows passage of
internal jugular vein |
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1 sphenoid
- "butterfly", keystone, articulates with all other cranial bones |
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Sella turcica - "Turkish
saddle", holds pituitary gland |
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Foramen ovale - allows passage of
the mandibular division of cranial nerve V |
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1 ethmoid
- between orbits, above nose, most of the bony area between nasal cavity
& the orbits |
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Crista galli - "cock's
comb", attaches dura mater, secures brain |
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Cribiform plate - olfactory nerves
pass through holes |
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Superior & middle conchae -
increases turbulence of air in nasal passage |
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Perpendicular plate - inferior
projection of bone forming part of the nasal septum |
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Axial
Skeleton - bones and bone markings |
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Facial
bones |
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Mandible - lower jaw |
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Ramus - arm |
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Mandibular symphysis - medial fusion
point of the mandibular bones |
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Alveoli - sockets for the teeth |
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Mental foramina - allows blood
vessels & nerves to pass to the chin & lower lip |
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Maxilla - "keystone" of face;
forms upper jaw & central portion of face |
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Alveoli - sockets for the teeth |
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zygomatic processes - join with
zygomatic bones to form cheekbones |
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Palantine processes - forms the
anterior 2/3 of hard palate |
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Frontal processes - form part of the
lateral aspect of bridge of nose |
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Incisive fossa - permits blood
vessels & nerves to pass through hard palate |
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Infraorbital foramen - allows
passage of infraorbital nerve to skin of face |
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zygomatic
bones - forms the
cheek & part of the orbit |
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Nasal
bones - Forms the
bridge of the nose |
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Lacrimal
bones - Forms part
of the medial wall of the orbits; lacrimal fossa - tear duct drains |
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Palantine
bones - forms the
posterior 1/3 of hard palate |
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Vomer - "plow", base of nasal
septum |
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Inferior
nasal concha -
Forms part of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity |
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Facial bones
- cont. |
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Hyoid
bone - "hides
behind mandible"; movable base for tongue, only bone that doesn't
articulate with any other bone |
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Axial
Skeleton - bones and bone markings |
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Vertebral
column or spine |
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Curvatures |
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cervical
& lumbar - concave posteriorly |
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thoracic
& sacral - convex posteriorly |
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Divisions |
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7
cervical - the
smallest vertebrae |
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Atlas - C1 - allows you to nod yes; no body
or spinous process |
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Axis - C2 - allows you to shake no;
odontoid process or dens acts as pivot for atlas |
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C3 - C6 - spinous process is bifid
"forked" |
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C1 - C6 - transverse foramen for
blood vessels to the brain |
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C7 - vertebral prominens; the
prominent bump at base of neck |
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12
thoracic - all
articulate with ribs |
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articulate
with ribs through demifacets |
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spinous
processes long & point sharply down |
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5 lumbar - weight bearing |
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sacrum - 5 fused vertebrae; forms
posterior wall of the pelvis |
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articulates
with hip bones laterally via the sacroiliac joint |
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sacral
foramen - for blood vessels & nerves |
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sacral hiatus
- gap in back between S4 & S5 |
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coccyx - 3 to 5 fused vertebrae; vestigial
tailbone |
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Structures
of vertebrae |
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anterior
body -
"centrum", weight bearing |
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posterior
vertebral arch -
consists of 2 pedicles & 2 laminae; give rise to several projections |
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1 median
spinous process - for muscle attachment |
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2 lateral
transverse processes - for muscle attachment |
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paired
superior & inferior articular processes |
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vertebral
foramen - canal
through which spinal cord passes |
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intervertebral
foramen - allows
spinal nerves to pass between vertebrae |
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Bony
thorax - thoracic
vertebrae dorsally, ribs laterally, sternum & costal cartilages
anteriorly |
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12 pairs of
Ribs - "costae" |
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True ribs -
superior 7 pairs of ribs attach directly to the sternum via individual costal
cartilages |
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False ribs
- inferior 5 pairs of ribs |
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first 3
attach indirectly to the sternum |
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last 2 are
floating - no sternal attachment |
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Sternum - breastbone |
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Manubrium - superior section |
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Body - middle, largest section |
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Xiphoid
process - inferior
tail; landmark used during CPR |
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